| Abstract | Zarrow supplements the existing political and intellectual accounts of the late Qing revolutionaries with an account that takes the emotionality of their rhetoric seriously. The late-Qing retraumatization of the seventeenth-century conquest and the creation of new collective memories of it literally represent a "return of the repressed" in the sense that this memory work relied on texts that had been available but had not become culturally and psychologically salient until the 1890s. On this memory claim the late Qing revolutionaries rested demands for justice and revenge, and circularly, claims for justice legitimated the traumatized memory.
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